Pinealon

Ten citations are listed, published between 2008 and 2021, and six of them appear in one journal, Advances in Gerontology. Two involve people: 2012 reports on professional truck drivers with neurotic disorders and on locomotive crew workers. The other eight are laboratory studies in rats, mice and cultured cells, covering brain hypoxia, carotid artery occlusion, prenatal exposure to excess homocysteine, a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and peptide binding to DNA.

In rats, a 2012 study reported that pinealon given to pregnant females loaded with methionine was followed by better spatial orientation and learning in their offspring, with lower reactive oxygen species and fewer necrotic cells among cerebellar neurons. A 2014 study in old rats with acute hypoxia suggested that it returned neuroinflammatory reactions towards reference levels, while a 2011 study in old rats found that it moderately raised brain caspase-3 activity, with or without carotid artery occlusion. In a 2021 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, the EDR peptide was reported to prevent loss of dendritic spines. Laboratory studies reported higher cell viability with lower free-radical levels and delayed ERK 1/2 activation, preferential binding to CAG-containing DNA sequences, fewer dead cells in neuronal cultures alongside higher intracellular reactive oxygen species, and, in prenatal hypoxia experiments, greater neuronal resistance to hypoxic stress. The two human reports described favourable changes in neurotic disorders and in measures of biological age and adaptation.

The foundations are narrow. The human reports concern occupational groups, the truck-driver study gives its best result for pinealon combined with a second peptide, vezugen, rather than alone, and no later human study appears among the citations. Each animal and cell finding rests on a single study, several test pinealon alongside related short peptides such as Cortexin and epithalon, and most of the work comes from one journal.