KPV

All nine citations are preclinical and recent, published between 2021 and 2026. They cover liver cells (HepG2), skin keratinocytes and a three-dimensional skin model, and disease models of colitis in mice and rats, acute lung injury, oral mucositis, vitiligo and vascular calcification. In most, KPV is tested inside a delivery system such as a hydrogel, nanoparticle, liposome or prodrug conjugate, and in three it is paired with a second active agent: an immunosuppressant, rapamycin, or an RNA that silences the NLRP3 gene.

Most of the studies reported lower inflammatory markers or milder disease. In mice with DSS-induced colitis, a 2024 study reported milder disease by body weight, colon length and disease activity index, and lower TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, with nanoparticles combining KPV and an immunosuppressant. In rats with colitis, one KPV hydrogel was reported to lower TNF-α and IL-6 expression and another to change the composition of gut bacteria. A 2026 study reported that a prodrug form, proKPV, accumulated in inflamed lungs and showed anti-inflammatory activity in mice with acute lung injury. A 2025 study reported that KPV reduced inflammatory cell death caused by PM10 fine dust in keratinocytes and a 3D skin model, and a 2026 HepG2 study linked it to lower lipid accumulation through ROS-dependent PPARγ regulation. Other studies reported reduced vitiligo development, less inflammatory-cell infiltration in infected gingival ulcers, and lower inflammatory responses with increased autophagy in a vascular calcification model.

None of this is human data, and each finding comes from a single study in one model. Where KPV is paired with an immunosuppressant, rapamycin or a gene-silencing RNA, the reported effect cannot be attributed to KPV alone, and the delivery vehicles differ from one study to the next, which limits comparison. No clinical study of KPV appears among the citations.