Scientific Reference

Glutathione (GSH)

Evidence profile: Human Phase 2 evidence

Glutathione (GSH) is a naturally occurring tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, often referred to as the body’s primary intracellular antioxidant. It is present in virtually all cells and plays a central role in maintaining redox balance, detoxification, and immune function. Levels of glutathione decline with age and are depleted by oxidative stress, toxins, and disease states. Injectable administration bypasses poor oral bioavailability, enabling rapid elevation of plasma glutathione levels and supporting systemic antioxidant defense and detoxification pathways.

Published Research

Effects of acute HMB-FA supplementation on antioxidant status and muscle damage in Elite Judoka: a randomized pilot trial
Tayebi SM et al. · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026 · Clinical
PMID 42084797 — View on PubMed
Multinutrients Decrease Oxidative Stress in Children With ADHD: Mediation/Moderation Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial Data
Robinette LM et al. · Journal of attention disorders · 2025 · Clinical
PMID 40772654 — View on PubMed
Supplementing Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Older Adults Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Physical Function, and Aging Hallmarks: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Kumar P et al. · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023 · Clinical
PMID 35975308 — View on PubMed
Eight-week supplementation of Aronia berry extract promoted the glutathione defence system against acute aerobic exercise-induced oxidative load immediately and 30 min post-exercise in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial
Chung JW et al. · Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association · 2023 · Clinical
PMID 36727618 — View on PubMed
The effects of selenium supplementation on glycemic control, serum lipoproteins and biomarkers of oxidative stress in infertile women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Zadeh Modarres S et al. · Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2022 · Clinical
PMID 36184253 — View on PubMed
The effects of butyrate supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile, blood pressure, nitric oxide level and glutathione peroxidase activity in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized triple -blind, placebo-controlled trial
Khosravi Z et al. · Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2022 · Clinical
PMID 35623879 — View on PubMed