Scientific Reference
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
Evidence profile: Controlled human evidence
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential coenzyme present in all living cells, playing a central role in energy production, DNA repair, and cellular metabolism. It functions as a key redox carrier, cycling between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states to drive mitochondrial ATP production. NAD+ levels decline significantly with age (up to ~10–50% across tissues), contributing to reduced mitochondrial efficiency, increased oxidative stress, and impaired cellular repair. Injectable NAD+ bypasses oral absorption limitations, providing immediate systemic availability and rapid cellular uptake.
Published Research
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Katayoshi T et al. · Scientific reports · 2023 · Clinical
PMID 36797393 — View on PubMedSafety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults
Conze D et al. · Scientific reports · 2019 · Clinical
PMID 31278280 — View on PubMedChronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD(+) in healthy middle-aged and older adults
Martens CR et al. · Nature communications · 2018 · Clinical
PMID 29599478 — View on PubMedNAD⁺ supplementation for anti-aging and wellness: A PRISMA-guided systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence
Gallagher C et al. · Ageing research reviews · 2026 · Review
PMID 41655607 — View on PubMedSupplementation with NAD+ Precursors for Treating Alzheimer's Disease: A Metabolic Approach
Alghamdi M et al. · Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024 · Review
PMID 39422945 — View on PubMed